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The ungleich ceph handbook » History » Version 51

Nico Schottelius, 08/12/2021 09:47 PM

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h1. The ungleich ceph handbook
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{{toc}}
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h2. Status
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This document is **IN PRODUCTION**.
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h2. Introduction
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This article describes the ungleich storage architecture that is based on ceph. It describes our architecture as well maintenance commands. Required for 
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h2. Processes
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h3. Usage monitoring
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* Usage should be kept somewhere in 70-75% area
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* If usage reaches 72.5%, we start reducing usage by adding disks
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* We stop when usage is below 70%
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h3. Phasing in new disks
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* 24h performance test prior to using it
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h3. Phasing in new servers
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* 24h performance test with 1 ssd or 1 hdd (whatever is applicable)
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h2. Communication guide
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Usually when disks fails no customer communication is necessary, as it is automatically compensated/rebalanced by ceph. However in case multiple disk failures happen at the same time, I/O speed might be reduced and thus customer experience impacted.
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For this reason communicate whenever I/O recovery settings are temporarily tuned.
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h2. Analysing 
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h3. ceph osd df tree
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Using @ceph osd df tree@ you can see not only the disk usage per OSD, but also the number of PGs on an OSD. This is especially useful to see how the OSDs are balanced.
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h3. Find out the device of an OSD
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Use @mount | grep /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-OSDID@ on the server on which the OSD is located:
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<pre>
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[16:01:23] server2.place6:~# mount | grep /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-31
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/dev/sdk1 on /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-31 type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)
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</pre>
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h2. Adding a new disk/ssd to the ceph cluster
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write on the disks, which order / date we bought it with a permanent marker.
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h3. Checking the shadow trees
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To be able to spot differences / weights of hosts, it can be very helpful to look at the crush shadow tree
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using @ceph osd crush tree --show-shadow@:
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<pre>
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-16   hdd-big 653.03418           root default~hdd-big        
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-34   hdd-big         0         0     host server14~hdd-big   
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-38   hdd-big         0         0     host server15~hdd-big   
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-42   hdd-big  81.86153  78.28352     host server17~hdd-big   
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 36   hdd-big   9.09560   9.09560         osd.36              
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 59   hdd-big   9.09499   9.09499         osd.59              
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 60   hdd-big   9.09499   9.09499         osd.60              
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 68   hdd-big   9.09599   8.93999         osd.68              
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 69   hdd-big   9.09599   7.65999         osd.69              
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 70   hdd-big   9.09599   8.35899         osd.70              
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 71   hdd-big   9.09599   8.56000         osd.71              
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 72   hdd-big   9.09599   8.93700         osd.72              
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 73   hdd-big   9.09599   8.54199         osd.73              
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-46   hdd-big  90.94986  90.94986     host server18~hdd-big   
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...
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</pre>
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Here we can see that the weight of server17 for the class hdd-big is about 81, the one of server18 about 90.
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SSDs and other classes have their own shadow trees, too.
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h3. For Dell servers
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First find the disk and then add it to the operating system
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<pre>
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megacli -PDList -aALL  | grep -B16 -i unconfigur
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# Sample output:
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[19:46:50] server7.place6:~#  megacli -PDList -aALL  | grep -B16 -i unconfigur
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Enclosure Device ID: N/A
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Slot Number: 0
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Enclosure position: N/A
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Device Id: 0
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WWN: 0000000000000000
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Sequence Number: 1
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Media Error Count: 0
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Other Error Count: 0
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Predictive Failure Count: 0
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Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
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PD Type: SATA
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Raw Size: 894.252 GB [0x6fc81ab0 Sectors]
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Non Coerced Size: 893.752 GB [0x6fb81ab0 Sectors]
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Coerced Size: 893.75 GB [0x6fb80000 Sectors]
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Sector Size:  0
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Firmware state: Unconfigured(good), Spun Up
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</pre>
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Then add the disk to the OS:
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<pre>
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megacli -CfgLdAdd -r0 [Enclosure Device ID:slot] -aX (X : host is 0. md-array is 1)
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# Sample call, if enclosure and slot are KNOWN (aka not N/A)
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megacli -CfgLdAdd -r0 [32:0] -a0
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# Sample call, if enclosure is N/A
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megacli -CfgLdAdd -r0 [:0] -a0
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</pre>
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Then check disk
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<pre>
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fdisk -l
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[11:26:23] server2.place6:~# fdisk -l
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......
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Disk /dev/sdh: 7.3 TiB, 8000987201536 bytes, 15626928128 sectors
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Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
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I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
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[11:27:24] server2.place6:~#
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</pre>
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Then create gpt
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<pre>
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/opt/ungleich-tools/disk-create-fresh-gpt /dev/XXX
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[11:31:10] server2.place6:~# /opt/ungleich-tools/disk-create-fresh-gpt /dev/sdh
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......
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Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x9c4a0355.
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Command (m for help): Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 374E31AD-7B96-4837-B5ED-7B22C452899E).
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......
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</pre>
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Then create osd for ssd/hdd-big
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<pre>
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/opt/ungleich-tools/ceph-osd-create-start /dev/XXX XXX(sdd or hdd-big)
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[11:33:58] server2.place6:~# /opt/ungleich-tools/ceph-osd-create-start /dev/sdh hdd-big
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+ set -e
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+ [ 2 -lt 2 ]
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......
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+ /opt/ungleich-tools/monit-ceph-create-start osd.14
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osd.14
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[ ok ] Restarting daemon monitor: monit.
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[11:36:14] server2.place6:~#
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</pre>
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Then check rebalancing(if you want to add another disk, you should do after rebalancing)
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<pre>
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ceph -s
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[12:37:57] server2.place6:~# ceph -s
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  cluster:
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    id:     1ccd84f6-e362-4c50-9ffe-59436745e445
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    health: HEALTH_WARN
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            2248811/49628409 objects misplaced (4.531%)
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......
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  io:
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    client:   170KiB/s rd, 35.0MiB/s wr, 463op/s rd, 728op/s wr
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    recovery: 27.1MiB/s, 6objects/s
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[12:49:41] server2.place6:~#
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</pre>
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h2. Moving a disk/ssd to another server
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(needs to be described better)
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Generally speaking:
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* //needs to be tested: disable recovery so data wont start move while you have the osd down
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* /opt/ungleich-tools/ceph-osd-stop-disable does the following:
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** Stop the osd, remove monit on the server you want to take it out
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** umount the disk
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* Take disk out
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* Discard preserved cache on the server you took it out 
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** using megacli:  @megacli -DiscardPreservedCache -Lall -a0@
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* Insert into new server
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* Clear foreign configuration
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** using megacli: @megacli -CfgForeign -Clear -a0@
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* Disk will now appear in the OS, ceph/udev will automatically start the OSD (!)
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** No creating of the osd required!
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* Verify that the disk exists and that the osd is started
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** using *ps aux*
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** using *ceph osd tree*
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* */opt/ungleich-tools/monit-ceph-create-start osd.XX* # where osd.XX is the osd + number
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** Creates the monit configuration file so that monit watches the OSD
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** Reload monit
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* Verify monit using *monit status*
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h2. Removing a disk/ssd
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To permanently remove a failed disk from a cluster, use ***ceph-osd-stop-remove-permanently*** from ungleich-tools repo. Warning: if the disk is still active, the OSD will be shutdown AND removed from the cluster -> all data of that disk will need to be rebalanced.
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h2. Handling DOWN osds with filesystem errors
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If an email arrives with the subject "monit alert -- Does not exist osd.XX-whoami", the filesystem of an OSD cannot be read anymore. It is very highly likely that the disk / ssd is broken. Steps that need to be done:
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* Login to any ceph monitor (cephX.placeY.ungleich.ch)
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* Check **ceph -s**, find host using **ceph osd tree**
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* Login to the affected host
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* Run the following commands:
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** ls /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-XX
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** dmesg
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<pre>
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ex) After checking message of dmesg, you can do next step
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[204696.406756] XFS (sdl1): metadata I/O error: block 0x19100 ("xlog_iodone") error 5 numblks 64
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[204696.408094] XFS (sdl1): xfs_do_force_shutdown(0x2) called from line 1233 of file /build/linux-BsFdsw/linux-4.9.65/fs/xfs/xfs_log.c.  Return address = 0xffffffffc08eb612
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[204696.410702] XFS (sdl1): Log I/O Error Detected.  Shutting down filesystem
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[204696.411977] XFS (sdl1): Please umount the filesystem and rectify the problem(
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</pre>
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* Create a new ticket in the datacenter light project
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** Subject: "Replace broken OSD.XX on serverX.placeY.ungleich.ch"
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** Add (partial) output of above commands
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** Use /opt/ungleich-tools/ceph-osd-stop-remove-permanently XX, where XX is the osd id, to remove the disk from the cluster
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** Remove the physical disk from the host, checkout if there is warranty on it and if yes
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*** Create a short letter to the vendor, including technical details a from above
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*** Record when you sent it in
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*** Put ticket into status waiting
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** If there is no warranty, dispose it
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h2. [[Create new pool and place new osd]]
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h2. Change ceph speed for i/o recovery
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By default we want to keep I/O recovery traffic low to not impact customer experience. However when multiple disks fail at the same point, we might want to prioritise recover for data safety over performance.
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The default configuration on our servers contains:
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<pre>
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[osd]
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osd max backfills = 1
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osd recovery max active = 1
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osd recovery op priority = 2
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</pre>
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The important settings are *osd max backfills* and *osd recovery max active*, the priority is always kept low so that regular I/O has priority.
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To adjust the number of backfills *per osd* and to change the *number of threads* used for recovery, we can use on any node with the admin keyring:
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<pre>
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ceph tell osd.* injectargs '--osd-max-backfills Y'
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ceph tell osd.* injectargs '--osd-recovery-max-active X'
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</pre>
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where Y and X are the values that we want to use. Experience shows that Y=5 and X=5 doubles to triples the recovery performance, whereas X=10 and Y=10 increases recovery performance 5 times.
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h2. Debug scrub errors / inconsistent pg message
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From time to time disks don't save what they are told to save. Ceph scrubbing detects these errors and switches to HEALTH_ERR. Use *ceph health detail* to find out which placement groups (*pgs*) are affected. Usually a ***ceph pg repair <number>*** fixes the problem.
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If this does not help, consult https://ceph.com/geen-categorie/ceph-manually-repair-object/.
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h2. Move servers into the osd tree
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New servers have their buckets placed outside the **default root** and thus need to be moved inside.
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Output might look as follows:
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<pre>
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[11:19:27] server5.place6:~# ceph osd tree
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ID  CLASS   WEIGHT    TYPE NAME        STATUS REWEIGHT PRI-AFF 
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 -3           0.87270 host server5                             
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 41     ssd   0.87270     osd.41           up  1.00000 1.00000 
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 -1         251.85580 root default                             
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 -7          81.56271     host server2                         
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  0 hdd-big   9.09511         osd.0        up  1.00000 1.00000 
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  5 hdd-big   9.09511         osd.5        up  1.00000 1.00000 
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...
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</pre>
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Use **ceph osd crush move serverX root=default** (where serverX is the new server),
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which will move the bucket in the right place:
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<pre>
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[11:21:17] server5.place6:~# ceph osd crush move server5 root=default
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moved item id -3 name 'server5' to location {root=default} in crush map
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[11:32:12] server5.place6:~# ceph osd tree
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ID  CLASS   WEIGHT    TYPE NAME        STATUS REWEIGHT PRI-AFF 
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 -1         252.72850 root default                             
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...
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 -3           0.87270     host server5                         
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 41     ssd   0.87270         osd.41       up  1.00000 1.00000 
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</pre>
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h2. How to fix existing osds with wrong partition layout
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In the first version of DCL we used filestore/3 partition based layout.
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In the second version of DCL, including OSD autodection, we use bluestore/2 partition based layout.
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To convert, we delete the old OSD, clean the partitions and create a new osd:
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h3. Inactive OSD
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If the OSD is *not active*, we can do the following:
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* Find the OSD number: mount the partition and find the whoami file
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<pre>
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root@server2:/opt/ungleich-tools# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/
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root@server2:/opt/ungleich-tools# cat /mnt/whoami 
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0
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root@server2:/opt/ungleich-tools# umount  /mnt/
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</pre>
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* Verify in the *ceph osd tree* that the OSD is on that server
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* Deleting the OSD
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** ceph osd crush remove $osd_name
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** ceph osd rm $osd_name
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Then continue below as described in "Recreating the OSD".
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h3. Remove Active OSD
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* Use /opt/ungleich-tools/ceph-osd-stop-remove-permanently OSDID to stop and remove the OSD
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* Then continue below as described in "Recreating the OSD".
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h3. Recreating the OSD
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* Create an empty partition table
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** fdisk /dev/sdX
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** g
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** w
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* Create a new OSD
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** /opt/ungleich-tools/ceph-osd-create-start /dev/sdX CLASS # use hdd, ssd, ... for the CLASS
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h2. How to fix unfound pg
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refer to https://redmine.ungleich.ch/issues/6388
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* Check health state 
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** ceph health detail
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* Check which server has that osd
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** ceph osd tree
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* Check which VM is running in server place
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** virsh list  
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* Check pg map
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** ceph osd map [osd pool] [VMID]
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* revert pg
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** ceph pg [PGID] mark_unfound_lost revert
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h2. Enabling per image RBD statistics for prometheus
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<pre>
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[20:26:57] red2.place5:~# ceph config set mgr mgr/prometheus/rbd_stats_pools "one,hdd"
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[20:27:57] black2.place6:~# ceph config set mgr mgr/prometheus/rbd_stats_pools "hdd,ssd"
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</pre>
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h2. S3 Object Storage
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This section is ** UNDER CONTRUCTION ** 
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h3. Introduction
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* See the "Red Hat manual":https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_ceph_storage/3/html/object_gateway_guide_for_red_hat_enterprise_linux/overview-rgw
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* The "ceph docs about object storage":https://docs.ceph.com/docs/mimic/radosgw/
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h3. Architecture
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* S3 requests are handled by a publicly accessible gateway, which also has access to the ceph cluster.
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* s3 buckets are usually
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h3. Authentication / Users
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* Ceph *can* make use of LDAP as a backend
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** However it uses the clear text username+password as a token
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** See https://docs.ceph.com/docs/mimic/radosgw/ldap-auth/
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* We do not want users to store their regular account on machines
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* For this reason we use independent users / tokens, but with the same username as in LDAP
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Creating a user:
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<pre>
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radosgw-admin user create --uid=USERNAME --display-name="Name of user"
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</pre>
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Listing users:
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<pre>
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radosgw-admin user list
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</pre>
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Deleting users and their storage:
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<pre>
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radosgw-admin user rm --uid=USERNAME --purge-data
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</pre>
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h3. Setting up S3 object storage on Ceph
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* Setup a gateway node with Alpine Linux
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** Change do edge
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** Enable testing
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* Update the firewall to allow access from this node to the ceph monitors
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* Setting up the wildcard DNS certificate
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<pre>
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apk add ceph-radosgw
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</pre>
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h3. Wildcard DNS certificate from letsencrypt
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Acquiring and renewing this certificate is currently a manual process, as it requires to change DNS settings.
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* run certbot
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* update DNS with the first token
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* update DNS with the second token
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Sample session:
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<pre>
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s3:/etc/ceph# certbot certonly --manual --preferred-challenges=dns --email sre@ungleich.ch --server https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory --agree-tos 
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-d *.s3.ungleich.ch -d s3.ungleich.ch
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Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
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Plugins selected: Authenticator manual, Installer None
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Cert is due for renewal, auto-renewing...
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Renewing an existing certificate
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Performing the following challenges:
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dns-01 challenge for s3.ungleich.ch
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dns-01 challenge for s3.ungleich.ch
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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NOTE: The IP of this machine will be publicly logged as having requested this
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certificate. If you're running certbot in manual mode on a machine that is not
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your server, please ensure you're okay with that.
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Are you OK with your IP being logged?
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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(Y)es/(N)o: y
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Please deploy a DNS TXT record under the name
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_acme-challenge.s3.ungleich.ch with the following value:
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KxGLZNiVjFwz1ifNheoR_KQoPVpkvRUV1oT2pOvJlU0
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Before continuing, verify the record is deployed.
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Press Enter to Continue
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Please deploy a DNS TXT record under the name
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_acme-challenge.s3.ungleich.ch with the following value:
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bkrhtxWZUipCAL5cBfvrjDuftqsZdQ2JjisiKmXBbaI
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Before continuing, verify the record is deployed.
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(This must be set up in addition to the previous challenges; do not remove,
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replace, or undo the previous challenge tasks yet. Note that you might be
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asked to create multiple distinct TXT records with the same name. This is
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permitted by DNS standards.)
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Press Enter to Continue
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Waiting for verification...
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Cleaning up challenges
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IMPORTANT NOTES:
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 - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
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   /etc/letsencrypt/live/s3.ungleich.ch/fullchain.pem
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   Your key file has been saved at:
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   /etc/letsencrypt/live/s3.ungleich.ch/privkey.pem
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   Your cert will expire on 2020-12-09. To obtain a new or tweaked
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   version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot
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   again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run
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   "certbot renew"
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 - If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:
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   Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate
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   Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-le
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</pre>
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h2. Debugging ceph
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    ceph status
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    ceph osd status
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    ceph osd df
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    ceph osd utilization
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    ceph osd pool stats
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    ceph osd tree
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    ceph pg stat
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</pre>
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h2. Performance Tuning
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* Ensure that the basic options for reducing rebalancing workload are set:
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<pre>
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osd max backfills = 1
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osd recovery max active = 1
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osd recovery op priority = 2
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</pre>
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* Ensure that "osd_op_queue_cut_off":https://docs.ceph.com/en/latest/rados/configuration/osd-config-ref/#confval-osd_op_queue_cut_off is set to **high**
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** Requires OSD restart on change
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<pre>
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ceph config set global osd_op_queue_cut_off high
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</pre>
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<pre>
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be sure to check your osd recovery sleep settings, there are several
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depending on your underlying drives:
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    "osd_recovery_sleep": "0.000000",
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    "osd_recovery_sleep_hdd": "0.050000",
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    "osd_recovery_sleep_hybrid": "0.050000",
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    "osd_recovery_sleep_ssd": "0.050000",
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Adjusting these will upwards will dramatically reduce IO, and take effect
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immediately at the cost of slowing rebalance/recovery.
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</pre>
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h2. Ceph theory
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h3. How much data per Server?
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Q: How much data should we add into one server?
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A: Not more than it can handle.
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How much data can a server handle? For this let's have a look at 2 scenarios:
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* How long does it take to compensate the loss of the server?
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* Assuming a server has X TiB storage in Y disks attached and a network speed of Z GiB/s.
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* And our estimated rebuild goal is to compensate the loss of a server within U hours.
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h4. Approach 1
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Then
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Let's take an example: 
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* A server with @10 disks * 10 TiB@ = 100 TiB = 100 000 GiB data. It is network connected with 10 Gbit = 1.25 GiB/s.
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* 100000/1.25 = 80000s = 22.22h
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However, our logic assumes that we actually rebuild from the failed server, which... is failed. 
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h4. Approach 2: calculating with left servers
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However we can apply our logic also to distribute
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the rebuild over several servers that now pull in data from each other for rebuilding.
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We need to *read* the data (100TiB) from other servers and distribute it to new OSDs. Assuming each server has a 10 Gbit/s
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network connection.
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Now the servers might need to *read* (get data from other osds) and *write) (send data to other osds). Luckily, networking is 10 Gbit/s duplex - i.e. in both directions.
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However how fast can we actually read data from the disks? 
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* SSDs are in the range of hundreds of MB/s (best case, not necessarily true for random reads) - let's assume
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* HDDs are in the range of tenths of MB/s (depending on the work load, but 30-40 MB/s random reads seems realistic)
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Further assumptions:
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* Assuming further that each disk should be dedicated at least one CPU core.
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h3. Disk/SSD speeds
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* Tuning for #8473 showed that a 10TB HDD can write up to 180-200MB/s when backfilling (at about 70% cpu usage and 20% disk usage), max backfills = 8
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* Debugging SSD usage in #8461 showed SSDs can read about 470-520MB/s sequential
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* Debugging SSD usage in #8461 showed SSDs can write about 170-280MB/s sequential
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* Debugging SSD usage in #8461 showed SSDs can write about 4MB/s RANDOM (need to verify this even though 3 runs showed these numbers)
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h3. Ceph theoretical fundament
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If you are very much into the theoretical fundament of Ceph check out their "paper":https://www3.nd.edu/~dthain/courses/cse40771/spring2007/papers/ceph.pdf